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Dependent agency constitutes a permanent establishment for the other company and the income achieved through the agency is taxed on the income earned from the country where the agency is located whereas independent agency does not. The tax embodied in the price paid for the assets may be credited to the trader over a period of years corresponding to the life of the assets. ARBITRAGE -- Process of buying a commodity which may include currency or securities and simultaneously selling it in another market in order to profit from price differentials.
The decisive criterion is whether the activity of the fixed place of business in itself forms an essential and significant part of the activity of the enterprise as a whole. AVOIDANCE -- A term that is difficult to define but which is generally used to describe the arrangement of a taxpayer's affairs that is intended to reduce his tax liability and that although the arrangement could be strictly legal it is usually in contradiction with the intent of the law it purports to follow.
Bad debts may usually be treated as losses and written off against a reserve for such debts. The statement will show the business's assets in one column and its liabilities and owner's equity in another column. BAPA -- Bilateral advance pricing arrangement.
Base companies carry on certain activities on behalf of related companies in high-tax countries e. Often important in tax treaties, as a resident of a tax treaty partner may be denied the benefits of certain reduced withholding tax rates if the beneficial owner of the dividends etc is resident of a third country. In a tax context, the beneficiary is the person entitled to the benefits from trust property or from an insurance policy.
BENEFIT TEST -- In considering whether a company may be allowed to deduct, as an expense, payments made to a related company in a multinational group on account of expenses incurred by that related company in providing intra-group services, tax authorities would refuse a deduction unless a real benefit had been conferred on the company claiming the deduction.
The Berry ratio is the ratio of a business' gross income to operating costs. This rule doesn't prescribe priorities between various methods. The rate of interest is usually fixed. BOOK VALUE -- The value of individual asset as recorded in the accounting records of a taxpayer, calculated as actual cost less allowances for any depreciation BRACKETS -- Term used in connection with graduated system of taxation to refer, for example, to the slabs or slices of taxable income subject to particular rates of income tax.
BRANCH -- Division, office or other unit of business located at a different location from the main office or headquarters. It is not a separate legal entity. This is equivalent to the tax on dividends which would be due if the branch had been a subsidiary see: subsidiary company of the foreign company and had distributed its profit as dividends.
Artificial schemes which create circumstances under which no tax or minimal tax is levied may be disregarded if they do not serve a "business purpose". CALL OPTION -- Contract under which the holder of the option has the right but not the obligation to purchase securities or commodities on or before a specified date for a specified exercise price. Where expenditure is more closely connected with the business income-earning structure than its income earning capacity, it is capital expenditure.
A captive bank is generally located in a tax haven in order to avail itself of the low capital requirements and freedom from exchange control. A captive insurance company is usually established in a low-tax country. Whether premiums paid to captive insurance companies are recognized as business expenses depends on the country in question. Broadly speaking, it refers to the highest level of control of the business of a company. It refers to the place where the taxpayer's personal and economic relationships are closer.
Examples are the French and German systems. Much of it is now incorporated in statute. Also this term is used to describe a system ultimately based on English legal systems, as opposed to civil law systems. An equity or ownership interest in a corporation. The holder of common stock usually has a vote in deciding company affairs. Common stock is usually last in priority when profits or assets are distributed.
COMPANY -- Often used to mean a separate legal entity a corporation organized to perform an activity, business or industrial enterprise. Sometimes it has a broader meaning to mean individual or collective enterprises seeking profit. Controlled and uncontrolled transactions are comparable if none of the differences between the transactions could materially affect the factor being examined in the methodology e.
If the reported operating income of the tested party is not within a certain range, an adjustment will be made. In effect this method requires a comparison of the operating income that results from the consideration actually charged in a controlled transfer with the operating income of similar taxpayers that are uncontrolled.
This adjustment would be made before the tax return is filed. Both treaty countries appoint a representative frequently the Ministry of Finance or its authorized representative as the CA to assist aggrieved taxpayers by acting as the official liaison with the foreign CA. The CA is generally indicated in the definitions sections of tax treaties. The manufacturer uses the intangible property to produce tangible property which is then resold to the parent for distribution to ultimate customers.
CONTROL -- The capacity of one person to ensure that another person acts in accordance with the first person's wishes, or the exercise of that capacity. The exercise of control by one person over another could enable individuals and corporations to avoid or reduce their tax liability.
However, the definitions vary according to country and situation. CFC legislation is usually designed to combat the sheltering of profits in companies resident in low- or no-tax jurisdictions. An essential feature of such regimes is that they attribute a proportion of the income sheltered in such companies to the shareholder resident in the country concerned. Generally, only certain types of income fall within the scope of CFC legislation, i.
However it is now commonly used as another way of referring to a company. COST -- Purchase price paid for property or the value of the exchange for which property is given. An appropriate cost plus mark up is added to this cost, to make an appropriate profit in light of the functions performed taking into account assets used and risks assumed and the market conditions.
What is arrived at after adding the cost plus mark up to the above costs may be regarded as an arm's length price of the original controlled transaction. If income received from abroad is subject to tax in the recipient's country, any foreign tax on that income may be credited against the domestic tax on that income.
The theory is that this means foreign and domestic earnings of an entity will as far as possible be similarly taxed, although usually the credit allowed is limited to the amount of domestic tax, with no carry over if tax is higher abroad. Such relief may be given either under a tax treaty or in accordance with unilateral provisions. The taxpayer recipient is entitled to credit the tax withheld at source against his final tax liabilities determined by domestic tax law of the country in which he is resident.
If a corporate debt is disproportionately high in comparison with its equity, the debt may be recharacterised as equity, resulting in a disallowance of the interest deduction and taxation of the funds as dividends. DEEMED INTEREST -- If a member of a multinational enterprise MNE receives an interest-free loan from an affiliated company, the tax authorities of the lender's country may readjust the lender's profits by adding an amount equal to the interest which would have been payable on the loan had it been made at arm's length.
A number of countries have introduced legislation to counter the kind of tax avoidance whereby a taxpayer obtains a deferment of tax which is not intended by law. DE MINIMIS -- Phrase used in connection with circumstances in which the full rigour of the tax law is not enforced because, in particular, of the small amount or minor breach which may be involved, particularly in the context of under-assessed or underpaid tax which are not pursued on "de minimis" grounds.
As a general rule, with some exceptions, the right to tax income from dependent personal services is allocated to the country where the employment activities are exercised. These are financial instruments whose values are linked to or depend on the value of a primary underlying asset, e. The primary types of derivatives include forward contracts, futures, options and swaps.
In EU context, it means one of the legal instruments issued by the competent institutions of the European Union. A directive is addressed to the Member States requiring them to make such changes to their domestic legislation as necessary to satisfy a provision of one of the EC treaties.
Gift tax, death duties and property tax are also considered direct taxes. Most corporations receive no deduction for it. Residence is the place where an individual lives for a certain period of time, while domicile is the place where an individual makes his permanent home. Fiscal domicile does not necessarily have the same meaning as domicile. International double taxation arises when comparable taxes are imposed in two or more states on the same taxpayer in respect of the same taxable income or capital, e.
Double taxation is economic if more than one person is taxed on the same item. See Tax treaty. DUTY -- Customs duties sometimes called a tariff levied on imported products. DUTY-FREE ZONE -- Zone usually located next to an international port or airport where imported goods may be unloaded, stored and reshipped without payment of customs duties or other types of indirect taxes, provided the goods are not imported.
Such a distribution would constitute a taxable dividend to the shareholder to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profit under US tax law. Income is effectively connected if it is derived from assets which are used in or held for use in the US, and the activities of the US business were a material factor in the realization of the income.
Generally it is provided as an incentive to stay with the employer until the options vest. Options include corporations, partnerships, estates and trusts. The extent of a person's beneficial ownership of a particular asset. This is equivalent with the value of the asset minus the liability to which the asset is subject.
Paid-in capital plus retained earnings in a corporation 3. The ownership interest possessed by shareholders in a corporation - stock as opposed to bonds. If a certain position has been taken, another person has relied on that, and you are aware of that reliance, there is often an estoppel against you arguing the contrary to your original position in a court proceeding. Eurobonds may take the form of loans, debentures or convertible debentures, and maybe designated in any currency.
Eurodollars are used by foreign banks as a method of financing loans to other local or foreign banks or to commercial borrowers. The process may or may not include an audit of the taxpayer's own books. Information may only be used for tax purposes in the receiving country and it must be kept confidential, i.
Exemptions may be given for social, economic or other reasons. EXPENSES -- Costs that are currently deductible, as opposed to capital expenditures, which may not be currently deducted but must be depreciated or amortized over the useful life of the property. The third party then assumes responsibility for the administration and collection of the debt on the due date for its own account.
S government that prints the regulations of the various governmental agencies. FEE -- Fees charged by central or local governments can be distinguished from taxes when they are charged as payments for the supply of particular services by the authorities. Fees are usually not considered taxes when listing taxes to be included in a double tax treaty. FIFO -- Method of valuing inventory on the basis of "first in, first out", where goods or materials purchased first are regarded as those which are sold first.
FINAL TAX -- Under tax treaties the withholding tax charged by the country of source may be limited to a rate lower than the rate which would be charged in other circumstances - this reduced rate is then the final tax in the country of source. A finance company is, in many cases, established in a low or no tax jurisdiction. The lessee is regarded as the owner of the leased assets. The report generally consists of a balance sheet, income statement and may include other information as well.
Substance over form doctrine. The profits of certain forms of enterprises are taxed in the hands of the members rather than at the level of the enterprise. Often occurs in the case of a partnership for example. It denotes a centre of activity of a fixed or permanent character from which such services can be carried out such as a physician's consulting room. The fixed base provision attributes the right to tax income from independent personal services to the "other" country i.
This term is used in international shipping where a ship's country of registration is selected on the basis of country's legal requirement and tax regime. It is often discussed as an alternative to the progressive tax.
A taxpayer must spend more than the floor for a deduction, and only the amount above the floor is deductible. FOB value is value of goods excluding carriage, insurance and freight, i. The OECD model treaty does not allow application of it. This contract serves the same purpose as a foreign currency futures contract, except that it is not standardized and entered on the informal, interbank market rather than on a formalized commodities exchange. The price for the foreign currency is agreed on the day the contract is bought or sold.
Unlike forward contracts, futures are tradable, reflecting the standardization of contract size, specification and delivery date. See: option. Over the term of the agreement, the parties exchange fixed or floating rate interest payments in their swapped currencies. Generally speaking, two approaches are taken to foreign tax relief, i.
FORFAIT -- In a number of countries tax is sometimes levied on an estimated taxable base forfait , particularly in respect of the imposition of income tax or turnover tax on small enterprises. FRAUD -- Tax fraud is a form of deliberate evasion of tax which is generally punishable under criminal law. The term includes situations in which deliberately false statements are submitted, fake documents are produced, etc.
Fringe benefits may be given in the form of a money allowance, e. Although most countries tax the benefit of employer-provided automobiles and accommodation, the tax treatment of other fringe benefits varies considerably. It made ineffective tax avoidance schemes which have no commercial purpose other than the avoidance of tax. A company is highly geared if the ratio of debt to equity is high.
Sometimes referred to as capital gearing or leveraging. All partners in an ordinary partnership are general partners. A limited partnership must have at least one general partner and at least one limited partner. The donee thereby becomes the owner of the property, but on the condition that the gift is revoked if the donor does not die. In many countries the gratuitous transfer of property is subject to a gift tax. The income is then taxed at a single progressive rate. GLOBAL METHOD -- Under the global method, the profits of each member of a multinational enterprise MNE are not calculated on the basis of arm's length dealings, but rather the total profit of the enterprise is allocated to the members of the multinational enterprise on the basis of, for example, the turnover of each member, the expenses incurred by each member or the labour cost of each member.
Also known as hour trading since the transactions are carried out continuously during a day in financial markets worldwide. The advantage of taking over a business as a going concern if it is operating profitably is usually recognized by a payment for goodwill as well as for other assets. Sellers and lessors are generally responsible for collection. Goodwill can be transferred for a consideration to another entrepreneur upon the sale of the business as a going concern.
Synonym for progressive rate. GROSS INCOME -- Gross receipts, whether in the form of cash or property, of the taxpayer received as compensation for independent personal services, and the gross receipts of the taxpayer derived from a trade, business or services, including interest, dividends, royalties, rentals, fees or otherwise. GROSS PROFITS -- The gross profits from a business transaction are the amount computed by deducting from the gross receipts of the transaction the allocable purchases or production costs of sales, with due adjustment for increases or decreases in inventory or stock-in-trade, but without taking account of other expenses.
The term includes the process by which corporation add credits e. It refers to the period of time a taxpayer spends in each country. To this end the EU has issued directives in the area of indirect and direct taxation. HUT TAX -- Type of poll tax levied on inhabited dwellings or huts generally at an early stage in the development of an economy when it is not feasible to introduce an income tax.
In a mortgage that states an insufficient interest rate, tax law will impute a higher rate and a lower principal, which will increase taxes on the receipt of payment. US system. The statement will show the business's revenues and expenses. An independent contractor is hired to do work according to his own methods and is not subject to the control of an employer except as to the result of his work. The mechanism is essentially one of adjusting payments, profits, gains, taxable income brackets, tax allowances, etc.
INPUT TAX -- Term used in connection with VAT to denote the tax embodied in purchases made by a trader or entrepreneur who will usually be able to obtain a credit for the tax that his suppliers have paid on the goods supplied to him which form his "inputs".
Instruments include contracts, notes, and leases e. Intangible property is usually transferred by way of a licensing agreement, and payments for the intangible are made in the form of royalties. You can change your preferences at any time.
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LOCALBITCOINS VS COINBASE PHONE
Hal ini cenderung terjadi ketika kerugian perdagangan mengurangi margin yang dapat digunakan di bawah level yang dapat diterima yang ditentukan oleh broker. Margin call lebih mungkin terjadi ketika trader melakukan sebagian besar ekuitas untuk menggunakan margin, menyisakan sangat sedikit ruang untuk menyerap kerugian.
Dari sudut pandang broker, ini adalah mekanisme yang diperlukan untuk mengelola dan mengurangi risiko mereka secara efektif. Di bawah ini adalah penyebab utama margin call, tanpa urutan tertentu: Bertahan pada perdagangan yang merugi terlalu lama yang menghabiskan margin yang dapat digunakan Memanfaatkan akun secara berlebihan dikombinasikan dengan alasan pertama Akun yang kekurangan dana yang akan memaksa trader untuk melakukan perdagangan berlebih dengan margin yang dapat digunakan terlalu sedikit Trading tanpa henti saat harga bergerak agresif ke arah yang berlawanan.
Apa yang terjadi ketika margin call terjadi? Ketika margin call terjadi, seorang trader dilikuidasi atau ditutup dari perdagangan mereka. Tujuannya ada dua: trader tidak lagi memiliki uang di rekening mereka untuk menahan posisi yang merugi dan broker berada di garis untuk kerugian mereka, yang sama buruknya bagi broker.
Penting untuk diketahui bahwa dalam skenario tertentu, perdagangan leverage membawa kemungkinan bahwa seorang trader dapat berutang kepada broker lebih dari yang telah disetorkan. Jelas terlihat bahwa margin yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan posisi terbuka menghabiskan sebagian besar ekuitas akun. Trader dapat beroperasi dengan asumsi yang salah bahwa akun dalam kondisi baik; namun, penggunaan leverage berarti akun tersebut kurang mampu menyerap pergerakan besar terhadap trader.
Tergantung pada platform trading Anda, Anda dapat memantau ketersediaan margin dari kedua faktor tersebut. Lakukan dengan Fokus dan Berhati-hati Itulah penjelasan lengkap dari Margin Call yang akan sering Anda temui dalam dunia trading. Mau jadi pedagang yang profesional professional trader dan dapat potensi keuntungan lebih dari berdagang mata uang, emas dan hasil bumi?
Daftar di sini! Jika Anda punya tujuan keuangan tapi bingung cara wujudkannya, Yuk diskusikan keuangan Anda bersama Perencana Keuangan Finansialku untuk dapat solusinya. Gunakan fitur Konsultasi Keuangan di aplikasi Finansialku. Pilih jadwal konsultasi Anda di sini atau melalui WhatsApp sekarang juga. Download Ebook Sekarang Semoga artikel ini dapat membantu trading Anda.
Bagikan artikel ini agar lebih bermanfaat dan berikan komentar Anda di kolom bawah ini. Apa Itu Margin Call?.
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